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101 |
THE STATES PARTIES TO THIS CONVENTION,
BEARING IN MIND the broad objectives in the resolutions adopted by the sixth special session of the General Assembly of the United Nations on the establishment of a New International Economic Order,
CONSIDERING that the development of international trade on the basis of equality and mutual benefit is an important element in promoting friendly relations among States,
BEING OF THE OPINION that the adoption of uniform rules which govern contracts for the international sale of goods and take into account the different social, economic and legal systems would contribute to the removal of legal barriers in international trade and promote the development of international trade,
HAVE DECREED as follows:
(a) when the States are Contracting States; or
(b) when the rules of private international law lead to the application of the law of a Contracting State.
(2) The fact that the parties have their places of business in different States is to be disregarded whenever this fact does not appear either from the contract or from any dealings between, or from information disclosed by, the parties at any time before or at the conclusion of the contract.
(3) Neither the nationality of the parties nor the civil or commercial character of the parties or of the contract is to be taken into consideration in determining the application of this Convention.
(a) of goods bought for personal, family or household use, unless the
seller, at any time before or at the conclusion of the contract,
neither knew nor ought to have known that the goods were bought for
any such use;
(b) by auction;
(c) on execution or otherwise by authority of law;
(d) of stocks, shares, investment securities, negotiable instruments or
money;
(e) of ships, vessels, hovercraft or aircraft;
(f) of electricity.
(2) This Convention does not apply to contracts in which the preponderant
part of the obligations of the party who furnishes the goods consists in
the supply of labour or other services.
(a) the validity of the contract or of any of its provisions or of any
usage;
(b) the effect which the contract may have on the property in the goods
sold.
(2) Questions concerning matters governed by this Convention which are not
expressly settled in it are to be settled in conformity with the general
principles on which it is based or, in the absence of such principles, in
conformity with the law applicable by virtue of the rules of private
international law.
(2) If the preceding paragraph is not applicable, statements made by and
other conduct of a party are to be interpreted according to the
understanding that a reasonable person of the same kind as the other party
would have had in the same circumstances.
(3) In determining the intent of a party or the understanding a reasonable
person would have had, due consideration is to be given to all relevant
circumstances of the case including the negotiations, any practices which
the parties have established between themselves, usages and any subsequent
conduct of the parties.
(2) The parties are considered, unless otherwise agreed, to have impliedly
made applicable to their contract or its formation a usage of which the
parties knew or ought to have known and which in international trade is
widely known to, and regularly observed by, parties to contracts of the
type involved in the particular trade concerned.
(a) if a party has more than one place of business, the place of business
is that which has the closest relationship to the contract and its
performance, having regard to the circumstances known to or
contemplated by the parties at any time before or at the conclusion
of the contract;
(b) if a party does not have a place of business, reference is to be made
to his habitual residence.
(2) A proposal other than one addressed to one or more specific persons is
to be considered merely as an invitation to make offers, unless the
contrary is clearly indicated by the person making the proposal.
(2) An offer, even if it is irrevocable, may be withdrawn if the withdrawal
reaches the offeree before or at the same time as the offer.
(2) However, an offer cannot be revoked:
(a) if it indicates, whether by stating a fixed time for acceptance or
otherwise, that it is irrevocable; or
(b) if it was reasonable for the offeree to rely on the offer as being
irrevocable and the offeree has acted in reliance on the offer.
(2) An acceptance of an offer becomes effective at the moment the
indication of assent reaches the offeror. An acceptance is not effective if
the indication of assent does not reach the offeror within the time he has
fixed or, if no time is fixed, within a reasonable time, due account being
taken of the circumstances of the transaction, including the rapidity of
the means of communication employed by the offeror. An oral offer must be
accepted immediately unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.
(3) However, if, by virtue of the offer or as a result of practices which
the parties have established between themselves or of usage, the offeree
may indicate assent by performing an act, such as one relating to the
dispatch of the goods or payment of the price, without notice to the
offeror, the acceptance is effective at the moment the act is performed,
provided that the act is performed within the period of time laid down in
the preceding paragraph.
(2) However, a reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but
contains additional or different terms which do not materially alter the
terms of the offer constitutes an acceptance, unless the offeror, without
undue delay, objects orally to the discrepancy or dispatches a notice to
that effect. If he does not so object, the terms of the contract are the
terms of the offer with the modifications contained in the acceptance.
(3) Additional or different terms relating, among other things, to the
price, payment, quality and quantity of the goods, place and time of
delivery, extent of one party's liability to the other or the settlement of
disputes are considered to alter the terms of the offer materially.
(2) Official holidays or non-business days occurring during the period for
acceptance are included in calculating the period. However, if a notice of
acceptance cannot be delivered at the address of the offeror on the last
day of the period because that day falls on an official holiday or a
non-business day at the place of business of the offeror, the period is
extended until the first business day which follows.
(2) If a letter or other writing containing a late acceptance shows that it
has been sent in such circumstances that if its transmission had been
normal it would have reached the offeror in due time, the late acceptance
is effective as an acceptance unless, without delay, the offeror orally
informs the offeree that he considers his offer as having lapsed or
dispatches a notice to that effect.
(2) A contract in writing which contains a provision requiring any
modification or termination by agreement to be in writing may not be
otherwise modified or terminated by agreement. However, a party may be
precluded by his conduct from asserting such a provision to the extent that
the other party has relied on that conduct.
(a) if the contract of sale involves carriage of the goods - in handing
the goods over to the first carrier for transmission to the buyer;
(b) if, in cases not within the preceding subparagraph, the contract
relates to specific goods, or unidentified goods to be drawn from a
specific stock or to be manufactured or produced, and at the time of
the conclusion of the contract the parties knew that the goods were
at, or were to be manufactured or produced at, a particular place -
in placing the goods at the buyer's disposal at that place;
(c) in other cases - in placing the goods at the buyer's disposal at the
place where the seller had his place of business at the time of the
conclusion of the contract.
(2) If the seller is bound to arrange for carriage of the goods, he must
make such contracts as are necessary for carriage to the place fixed by
means of transportation appropriate in the circumstances and according to
the usual terms for such transportation.
(3) If the seller is not bound to effect insurance in respect of the
carriage of the goods, he must, at the buyer's request, provide him with
all available information necessary to enable him to effect such
insurance.
(a) if a date is fixed by or determinable from the contract, on that
date;
(b) if a period of time is fixed by or determinable from the contract, at
any time within that period unless circumstances indicate that the
buyer is to choose a date; or
(c) in any other case, within a reasonable time after the conclusion of
the contract.
(2) Except where the parties have agreed otherwise, the goods do not
conform with the contract unless they:
(a) are fit for the purposes for which goods of the same description
would ordinarily be used;
(b) are fit for any particular purpose expressly or impliedly made known
to the seller at the time of the conclusion of the contract, except
where the circumstances show that the buyer did not rely, or that it
was unreasonable for him to rely, on the seller's skill and
judgement;
(c) possess the qualities of goods which the seller has held out to the
buyer as a sample or model;
(d) are contained or packaged in the manner usual for such goods or,
where there is no such manner, in a manner adequate to preserve and
protect the goods.
(3) The seller is not liable under subparagraphs (a) to (d) of the
preceding paragraph for any lack of conformity of the goods if at the time
of the conclusion of the contract the buyer knew or could not have been
unaware of such lack of conformity.
(2) The seller is also liable for any lack of conformity which occurs after
the time indicated in the preceding paragraph and which is due to a breach
of any of his obligations, including a breach of any guarantee that for a
period of time the goods will remain fit for their ordinary purpose or for
some particular purpose or will retain specified qualities or
characteristics.
(2) If the contract involves carriage of the goods, examination may be
deferred until after the goods have arrived at their destination.
(3) If the goods are redirected in transit or redispatched by the buyer
without a reasonable opportunity for examination by him and at the time of
the conclusion of the contract the seller knew or ought to have known of
the possibility of such redirection or redispatch, examination may be
deferred until after the goods have arrived at the new destination.
(2) In any event, the buyer loses the right to rely on a lack of conformity
of the goods if he does not give the seller notice thereof at the latest
within a period of two years from the date on which the goods were actually
handed over to the buyer, unless this time-limit is inconsistent with a
contractual period of guarantee.
(a) under the law of the State where the goods will be resold or
otherwise used, if it was contemplated by the parties at the time of
the conclusion of the contract that the goods would be resold or
otherwise used in that State; or
(b) in any other case, under the law of the State where the buyer has his
place of business.
(2) The obligation of the seller under the preceding paragraph does not
extend to cases where:
(a) at the time of the conclusion of the contract the buyer knew or could
not have been unaware of the right or claim; or
(b) the right or claim results from the seller's compliance with
technical drawings, designs, formulae or other such specifications
furnished by the buyer.
(2) The seller is not entitled to rely on the provisions of the preceding
paragraph if he knew of the right or claim of the third party and the
nature of it.
(a) exercise the rights provided in articles 46 to 52;
(b) claim damages as provided in articles 74 to 77.
(2) The buyer is not deprived of any right he may have to claim damages by
exercising his right to other remedies.
(3) No period of grace may be granted to the seller by a court or arbitral
tribunal when the buyer resorts to a remedy for breach of contract.
(2) If the goods do not conform with the contract, the buyer may require
delivery of substitute goods only if the lack of conformity constitutes a
fundamental breach of contract and a request for substitute goods is made
either in conjunction with notice given under article 39 or within a
reasonable time thereafter.
(3) If the goods do not conform with the contract, the buyer may require
the seller to remedy the lack of conformity by repair, unless this is
unreasonable having regard to all the circumstances. A request for repair
must be made either in conjunction with notice given under article 39 or
within a reasonable time thereafter.
(2) Unless the buyer has received notice from the seller that he will not
perform within the period so fixed, the buyer may not, during that period,
resort to any remedy for breach of contract. However, the buyer is not
deprived thereby of any right he may have to claim damages for delay in
performance.
(2) If the seller requests the buyer to make known whether he will accept
performance and the buyer does not comply with the request within a
reasonable time, the seller may perform within the time indicated in his
request. The buyer may not, during that period of time, resort to any
remedy which is inconsistent with performance by the seller.
(3) A notice by the seller that he will perform within a specified period
of time is assumed to include a request, under the preceding paragraph,
that the buyer make known his decision.
(4) A request or notice by the seller under paragraph (2) or (3) of this
article is not effective unless received by the buyer.
(a) if the failure by the seller to perform any of his obligations under
the contract or this Convention amounts to a fundamental breach of
contract; or
(b) in case of non-delivery, if the seller does not deliver the goods
within the additional period of time fixed by the buyer in accordance
with paragraph (1) of article 47 or declares that he will not deliver
within the period so fixed.
(2) However, in cases where the seller has delivered the goods, the buyer
loses the right to declare the contract avoided unless he does so:
(a) in respect of late delivery, within a reasonable time after he has
become aware that delivery has been made;
(b) in respect of any breach other than late delivery, within a
reasonable time:
(i) after he knew or ought to have known of the breach;
(ii) after the expiration of any additional period of time fixed by
the buyer in accordance with paragraph (1) of article 47, or after
the seller has declared that he will not perform his obligations
within such an additional period; or
(iii) after the expiration of any additional period of time indicated
by the seller in accordance with paragraph (2) of article 48, or
after the buyer has declared that he will not accept performance.
(2) The buyer may declare the contract avoided in its entirety only if the
failure to make delivery completely or in conformity with the contract
amounts to a fundamental breach of the contract.
(2) If the seller delivers a quantity of goods greater than that provided
for in the contract, the buyer may take delivery or refuse to take delivery
of the excess quantity. If the buyer takes delivery of all or part of the
excess quantity, he must pay for it at the contract rate.
(a) at the seller's place of business; or
(b) if the payment is to be made against the handing over of the goods or
of documents, at the place where the handing over takes place.
(2) The seller must bear any increases in the expenses incidental to
payment which is caused by a change in his place of business subsequent to
the conclusion of the contract.
(2) If the contract involves carriage of the goods, the seller may dispatch
the goods on terms whereby the goods, or documents controlling their
disposition, will not be handed over to the buyer except against payment of
the price.
(3) The buyer is not bound to pay the price until he has had an opportunity
to examine the goods, unless the procedures for delivery or payment agreed
upon by the parties are inconsistent with his having such an opportunity.
(a) in doing all the acts which could reasonably be expected of him in
order to enable the seller to make delivery; and
(b) in taking over the goods.
(a) exercise the rights provided in articles 62 to 65;
(b) claim damages as provided in articles 74 to 77.
(2) The seller is not deprived of any right he may have to claim damages by
exercising his right to other remedies.
(3) No period of grace may be granted to the buyer by a court or arbitral
tribunal when the seller resorts to a remedy for breach of contract.
(2) Unless the seller has received notice from the buyer that he will not
perform within the period so fixed, the seller may not, during that period,
resort to any remedy for breach of contract. However, the seller is not
deprived thereby of any right he may have to claim damages for delay in
performance.
(a) if the failure by the buyer to perform any of his obligations under
the contract or this Convention amounts to a fundamental breach of
contract; or
(b) if the buyer does not, within the additional period of time fixed by
the seller in accordance with paragraph (1) of article 63, perform
his obligation to pay the price or take delivery of the goods, or if
he declares that he will not do so within the period so fixed.
(2) However, in cases where the buyer has paid the price, the seller loses
the right to declare the contract avoided unless he does so:
(a) in respect of late performance by the buyer, before the seller has
become aware that performance has been rendered; or
(b) in respect of any breach other than late performance by the buyer,
within a reasonable time:
(i) after the seller knew or ought to have known of the breach; or
(ii) after the expiration of any additional period of time fixed by
the seller in accordance with paragraph (1) of article 63, or after
the buyer has declared that he will not perform his obligations
within such an additional period.
(1) If under the contract the buyer is to specify the form, measurement or
other features of the goods and he fails to make such specification either
on the date agreed upon or within a reasonable time after receipt of a
request from the seller, the seller may, without prejudice to any other
rights he may have, make the specification himself in accordance with the
requirements of the buyer that may be known to him.
(2) If the seller makes the specification himself, he must inform the buyer
of the details thereof and must fix a reasonable time within which the
buyer may make a different specification. If, after receipt of such a
communication, the buyer fails to do so within the time so fixed, the
specification made by the seller is binding.
(2) Nevertheless, the risk does not pass to the buyer until the goods are
clearly identified to the contract, whether by markings on the goods, by
shipping documents, by notice given to the buyer or otherwise.
(2) However, if the buyer is bound to take over the goods at a place other
than a place of business of the seller, the risk passes when delivery is
due and the buyer is aware of the fact that the goods are placed at his
disposal at that place.
(3) If the contract relates to goods not then identified, the goods are
considered not to be placed at the disposal of the buyer until they are
clearly identified to the contract.
(a) a serious deficiency in his ability to perform or in his
creditworthiness; or
(b) his conduct in preparing to perform or in performing the contract.
(2) If the seller has already dispatched the goods before the grounds
described in the preceding paragraph become evident, he may prevent the
handing over of the goods to the buyer even though the buyer holds a
document which entitles him to obtain them. The present paragraph relates
only to the rights in the goods as between the buyer and the seller.
(3) A party suspending performance, whether before or after dispatch of the
goods, must immediately give notice of the suspension to the other party
and must continue with performance if the other party provides adequate
assurance of his performance.
(2) If time allows, the party intending to declare the contract avoided
must give reasonable notice to the other party in order to permit him to
provide adequate assurance of his performance.
(3) The requirements of the preceding paragraph do not apply if the other
party has declared that he will not perform his obligations.
(2) If one party's failure to perform any of his obligations in respect of
any instalment gives the other party good grounds to conclude that a
fundamental breach of contract will occur with respect to future
instalments, he may declare the contract avoided for the future, provided
that he does so within a reasonable time.
(3) A buyer who declares the contract avoided in respect of any delivery
may, at the same time, declare it avoided in respect of deliveries already
made or of future deliveries if, by reason of their interdependence, those
deliveries could not be used for the purpose contemplated by the parties at
the time of the conclusion of the contract.
(2) For the purposes of the preceding paragraph, the current price is the
price prevailing at the place where delivery of the goods should have been
made or, if there is no current price at that place, the price at such
other place as serves as a reasonable substitute, making due allowance for
differences in the cost of transporting the goods.
(2) If the party's failure is due to the failure by a third person whom he
has engaged to perform the whole or a part of the contract, that party is
exempt from liability only if:
(a) he is exempt under the preceding paragraph; and
(b) the person whom he has so engaged would be so exempt if the
provisions of that paragraph were applied to him.
(3) The exemption provided by this article has effect for the period during
which the impediment exists.
(4) The party who fails to perform must give notice to the other party of
the impediment and its effect on his ability to perform. If the notice is
not received by the other party within a reasonable time after the party
who fails to perform knew or ought to have known of the impediment, he is
liable for damages resulting from such non-receipt.
(5) Nothing in this article prevents either party from exercising any right
other than to claim damages under this Convention.
(2) A party who has performed the contract either wholly or in part may
claim restitution from the other party of whatever the first party has
supplied or paid under the contract. If both parties are bound to make
restitution, they must do so concurrently.
(2) The preceding paragraph does not apply:
(a) if the impossibility of making restitution of the goods or of making
restitution of the goods substantially in the condition in which the
buyer received them is not due to his act or omission;
(b) if the goods or part of the goods have perished or deteriorated as a
result of the examination provided for in article 38; or
(c) if the goods or part of the goods have been sold in the normal course
of business or have been consumed or transformed by the buyer in the
course of normal use before he discovered or ought to have discovered
the lack of conformity.
(2) The buyer must account to the seller for all benefits which he has
derived from the goods or part of them:
(a) if he must make restitution of the goods or part of them; or
(b) if it is impossible for him to make restitution of all or part of the
goods or to make restitution of all or part of the goods
substantially in the condition in which he received them, but he has
nevertheless declared the contract avoided or required the seller to
deliver substitute goods.
(2) If goods dispatched to the buyer have been placed at his disposal at
their destination and he exercises the right to reject them, he must take
possession of them on behalf of the seller, provided that this can be done
without payment of the price and without unreasonable inconvenience or
unreasonable expense. This provision does not apply if the seller or a
person authorized to take charge of the goods on his behalf is present at
the destination. If the buyer takes possession of the goods under this
paragraph, his rights and obligations are governed by the preceding
paragraph.
(2) If the goods are subject to rapid deterioration or their preservation
would involve unreasonable expense, a party who is bound to preserve the
goods in accordance with article 85 or 86 must take reasonable measures to
sell them. To the extent possible he must give notice to the other party of
his intention to sell.
(3) A party selling the goods has the right to retain out of the proceeds
of sale an amount equal to the reasonable expenses of preserving the goods
and of selling them. He must account to the other party for the balance.
(2) This Convention is subject to ratification, acceptance or approval by
the signatory States.
(3) This Convention is open for accession by all States which are not
signatory States as from the date it is open for signature.
(4) Instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval and accession are to
be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
(2) A Contracting State which makes a declaration in accordance with the
preceding paragraph in respect of Part II or Part III of this Convention is
not to be considered a Contracting State within paragraph (1) of article 1
of this Convention in respect of matters governed by the Part to which the
declaration applies.
(2) These declarations are to be notified to the depositary and are to
state expressly the territorial units to which the Convention extends.
(3) If, by virtue of a declaration under this article, this Convention
extends to one or more but not all of the territorial units of a
Contracting State, and if the place of business of a party is located in
that State, this place of business, for the purposes of this Convention, is
considered not to be in a Contracting State, unless it is in a territorial
unit to which the Convention extends.
(4) If a Contracting State makes no declaration under paragraph (1) of this
article, the Convention is to extend to all territorial units of that
State.
(2) A Contracting State which has the same or closely related legal rules
on matters governed by this Convention as one or more non-Contracting
States may at any time declare that the Convention is not to apply to
contracts of sale or to their formation where the parties have their places
of business in those States.
(3) If a State which is the object of a declaration under the preceding
paragraph subsequently becomes a Contracting State, the declaration made
will, as from the date on which the Convention enters into force in respect
of the new Contracting State, have the effect of a declaration made under
paragraph (1), provided that the new Contracting State joins in such
declaration or makes a reciprocal unilateral declaration.
(2) Declarations and confirmations of declarations are to be in writing and
be formally notified to the depositary.
(3) A declaration takes effect simultaneously with the entry into force of
this Convention in respect of the State concerned. However, a declaration
of which the depositary receives formal notification after such entry into
force takes effect on the first day of the month following the expiration
of six months after the date of its receipt by the depositary. Reciprocal
unilateral declarations under article 94 take effect on the first day of
the month following the expiration of six months after the receipt of the
latest declaration by the depositary.
(4) Any State which makes a declaration under this Convention may withdraw
it at any time by a formal notification in writing addressed to the
depositary. Such withdrawal is to take effect on the first day of the month
following the expiration of six months after the date of the receipt of the
notification by the depositary.
(5) A withdrawal of a declaration made under article 94 renders
inoperative, as from the date on which the withdrawal takes effect, any
reciprocal declaration made by another State under that article.
(2) When a State ratifies, accepts, approves or accedes to this Convention
after the deposit of the tenth instrument of ratification, acceptance,
approval or accession, this Convention, with the exception of the Part
excluded, enters into force in respect of that State, subject to the
provisions of paragraph (6) of this article, on the first day of the month
following the expiration of twelve months after the date of the deposit of
its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.
(3) A State which ratifies, accepts, approves or accedes to this Convention
and is a party to either or both the Convention relating to a Uniform Law
on the Formation of Contracts for the International Sale of Goods done at
The Hague on 1 July 1964 (1964 Hague Formation Convention) and the
Convention relating to a Uniform Law on the International Sale of Goods
done at The Hague on 1 July 1964 (1964 Hague Sales Convention) shall at the
same time denounce, as the case may be, either or both the 1964 Hague Sales
Convention and the 1964 Hague Formation Convention by notifying the
Government of the Netherlands to that effect.
(4) A State party to the 1964 Hague Sales Convention which ratifies,
accepts, approves or accedes to the present Convention and declares or has
declared under article 52 that it will not be bound by Part II of this
Convention shall at the time of ratification, acceptance, approval or
accession denounce the 1964 Hague Sales Convention by notifying the
Government of the Netherlands to that effect.
(5) A State party to the 1964 Hague Formation Convention which ratifies,
accepts, approves or accedes to the present Convention and declares or has
declared under article 92 that it will not be bound by Part III of this
Convention shall at the time of ratification, acceptance, approval or
accession denounce the 1964 Hague Formation Convention by notifying the
Government of the Netherlands to that effect.
(6) For the purpose of this article, ratifications, acceptances, approvals
and accessions in respect of this Convention by States parties to the 1964
Hague Formation Convention or to the 1964 Hague Sales Convention shall not
be effective until such denunciations as may be required on the part of
those States in respect of the latter two Conventions have themselves
become effective. The depositary of this Convention shall consult with the
Government of the Netherlands, as the depositary of the 1964 Conventions,
so as to ensure necessary co-ordination in this respect.Article 2
Article 3
Article 4
Article 5
Article 6
Chapter II
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Article 7
Article 8
Article 9
Article 10
Article 11
Article 12
Article 13
PART II
FORMATION OF THE CONTRACT
Article 14
Article 15
Article 16
Article 17
Article 18
Article 19
Article 20
Article 21
Article 22
Article 23
Article 24
PART III
SALE OF GOODS
Chapter I
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Article 25
Article 26
Article 27
Article 28
Article 29
Chapter II
OBLIGATIONS OF THE SELLER
Article 30
Section I. Delivery of the goods and handing over of
documents
Article 31
Article 32
Article 33
Article 34
Section II. Conformity of the goods and third party claims
Article 35
Article 36
Article 37
Article 38
Article 39
Article 40
Article 41
Article 42
Article 43
Article 44
Section III. Remedies for breach of contract by the seller
Article 45
Article 46
Article 47
Article 48
Article 49
Article 50
Article 51
Article 52
Chapter III
OBLIGATIONS OF THE BUYER
Article 53
Section I. Payment of the price
Article 54
Article 55
Article 56
Article 57
Article 58
Article 59
Section II. Taking delivery
Article 60
Section III. Remedies for breach of contract by the buyer
Article 61
Article 62
Article 63
Article 64
Article 65
Chapter IV
PASSING OF RISK
Article 66
Article 67
Article 68
Article 69
Article 70
Chapter V
PROVISIONS COMMON TO THE OBLIGATIONS OF THE SELLER AND OF THE
BUYER
Section I. Anticipatory breach and instalment contracts
Article 71
Article 72
Article 73
Section II. Damages
Article 74
Article 75
Article 76
Article 77
Section III. Interest
Article 78
Section IV. Exemptions
Article 79
Article 80
Section V. Effects of avoidance
Article 81
Article 82
Article 83
Article 84
Section VI. Preservation of the goods
Article 85
Article 86
Article 87
Article 88
PART IV
FINAL PROVISIONS
Article 89
Article 90
Article 91
Article 92
Article 93
Article 94
Article 95
Article 96
Article 97
Article 98
Article 99